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The Presentation of Socrates Arguements in Plato’s...

In both Plato’s Apology and Crito, Plato presents Socrates arguments clearly and precisely. Socrates is wise man with a different perspective on life, which presents us with a mass of contradictions. Socrates is an expressive man, yet he never recorded any works. He is ignorant, but wrongfully convicted who is willing to fight his unjust execution. Behind these dilemmas is an opposition not often explored. Socrates is the most patriotic of philosophers, who is dedicated to his state. Exploring this contradiction between Socrates the loyal citizen and Socrates the philosophical man will help position Platos arguments. Although, Socrates approach to his defense in my opinion is not the best, and is certainly not an apology. The argument in†¦show more content†¦This perspective of Socrates represented by Plato demonstrates the difference between a man accused of wrong doings and a man who is being condemned. When Socrates is informed of the final decision by the jury he again keeps his composure and states in his defense speech by emphasizing that he is alright with the way he presented himself instead of begging and pleading. Finally, Socrates tells the jury â€Å"that there is hope in death and that he will enter into it with no fear†(Yount). His final request is for the jurymen to make sure that his sons grow up in the right way and praises some of the jurors who voted for his innocence. In Plato’s Crito Socrates argues that it would be wrong for him to escape from prison. Speaking to his friend Cirto, Socrates explains that escaping from prison would go against many of his beliefs. Socrates believes in seeking the truth, not repaying a wrong with another wrong, and obeying the laws of the state. He also states that escaping from prison would ruin his reputation and is in best interest for everyone. Crito brings up many arguments to Socrates trying to convince him to escape. Crito tries to appeal to Socrates in many different ways and bombards him with many arguments. Every argument that Crito brings up to Socrates, he answers with carful thinking and analysis. Crito appeals to Socrates emotions by stating that his friends and family will be lost without him. He

Introduction to Professionalism-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What is a Professional? How does the definition of 'Professional' that is provided in the textbook differ from how it is used in everyday language? Answer: According to Sir William Shaw, a professional is a person who has achieved a specialized knowledge that is usually gained through years of experience in university study or forms of larger group, and continuing professional development (Shaw Barry, 2015). Due to high field experience, they treasure fundamental knowledge in certain aspect of business domain such as statisticians, physicists or researchers of any specific field. In everyday life, the term Professional is normally used for having a particular profession that is chosen to earn livelihood as a permanent career. The person who is engaged in certain kind of activity through which he is receiving financial returns are said to be as professional. However, an actual professional is different from our common sense of understanding. As said in Shaws book of Moral Issues in Business, a professional is someone who is formally certified by a professional body by virtue of having achieved an acclaimed level of proficiency in a trade (Shaw Barry, 2015). They treasure fundamental knowledge in certain aspect of business domain such as statistics, physicists or researching etc. He is a professional in proper sense. According to Shaws definition the best example of a professional is- When a customer comes to an accountant for financial advice, the professional is the accountant on whose knowledge; the customer is relying for his cause. Similarly, when a patient goes to a doctor for his health crisis, the professional is the doctor on whose specialized medical knowledge the patient is relying for his cause. A footballer and a golfer are also said to be a professional but they do not meet the criteria of Sir William Shaws definition of professional. They are paid for undertaking a specialized set of tasks and they complete them for fee. It is not mandatory for them to be certified by any professional body or to have a high field experience in university study. It is their talent in the specific field they are been paid for and they are known by the name of professional footballer and professional golfer. Professionals too have special moral obligations that exceed those of ordinary individuals (Shaw Barry, 2015). The reason behind it is professional are the experts in certain field and their work has the ability to influence either negatively or positively. This provides them the advantage over the ordinary people and society depends on professionals specialized knowledge (Shaw Barry, 2015). For example, people seeks advice from professional teachers for their children, they takes advice from professional doctors when they are sick. This reliance creates a special kind of social contract, between the professional and the society and hence, bringing with its moral obligations. A dilemma is a situation in which a person find himself difficult to choose between the given alternatives. It is usually the time when a difficult choice is to be made among the ones that are more or less equally undesirable. It is a situation, which has the potential to challenge an agreeable solution. They are three types of dilemmas including ethical, classic and moral. In the workplace, people often face ethical and more or less moral dilemmas. An ethical dilemma can be- taking credit for other persons work, or conducting any personal business during company time. However, moral dilemma is a situation where a person gets confused between the right and the wrong (Shaw Barry, 2015). An Informed consent is a legal and ethical requirement for research and it involves human participants. It is a process where the participant is manually informed about all the different aspects of trial that are important for him to make the decision. After studying all the aspects of the trial, he voluntarily confirms willingness to participate or not. It implies deliberation and free choice. An employee must be provided with all significant facts related to the information gathering procedure and understand its consequences. When the worker who has agreed to abide by a workplace policy not have given informed consent they might look for work elsewhere (Shaw Barry, 2015). It is very important for the company to give their employee informed consent and employees must understand what they are working to. They must be allowed to proceed based on sufficient usable information (Shaw Barry, 2015). Free choice is very important. Ethics deals with individual character and the moral rule that govern and sets a limit to his conduct. The main purpose of ethics is to investigate the questions about duties and obligations, fairness and unfairness, right and wrongs, justice and injustice, and the principles and values that should guide a person (Shaw Barry, 2015). Reference Shaw, W. H Barry V. (2015). Moral Issues In Business. Cengage Learning

The Economic Man Essay Example For Students

The Economic Man Essay Summary of The Rite of Work: The Economic ManIn Sam Keens essay, work and its worth are clearly discussed. He generally talks about things people do in order to fit in at work. Keen reasons that men are prepared for the ritual of work at a very early age and that it is then when humans learn that the world is composed of winners and losers, pass or fail. He also explains that people see money as an object of power that will enable them to participate in society. According to Keen, the source of todays society value system is economic, and therefore, time is money, money is power, and power makes the world go round. We will write a custom essay on The Economic Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As time has gone by, men have been pulled out of context of nature, family, church, and community in order to find the meaning of their lives in trading, industry, the arts, and the professions. Nowadays, very few people are able to live in harmony between vocation and occupation. Also, in the theology of economic man, work has replaced God as the source from whom all blessings flow. As of now, work is the process of achieving values, and it is the purpose of life, and it is increasingly providing the world the meaning of life. In other words, Keen explains that the workplace is rapidly becoming its own culture that defines who people are. Critical study of this kind of corporate culture suggests that it may be more like a tyrannical government. According to Keen, modern corporations represent a new form of tyranny since people are being controlled by accepting the definitions of happiness. However, this belief is nothing but a deception, since blue-collar workers live, socialize the way they please, and enjoy complete freedom outside their jobs. Nevertheless, society assumes that since they earn less money, they are considered poor, and they are also thought to be suffering, no matter how much they enjoy their jobs. In effect, Keen thinks the workplace is becoming a battlefield. There is more and more pressure building up in the workplace nowadays that, sooner or later, people come down with battle fatigue. The high price of success, on the psychological level, is the increasing problem of stress and burnout. Keen explained that as women entered the workplace, they were equally skillful as man. Inevitably, both sexes were bounded to work, and the dangers of economics is not that it turns women into men but that it destroys the fullness of both manhood and womanhood. In other words, Keen reasons that work has become the life of most people, and that it is capable of making humans lose their humanity and convert them into robots. Social Issues Essays

Preparing Your Family History Book for Publication

Preparing Your Family History Book for Publication After years of carefully researching and assembling a family history, many genealogists find that they want to make their work available to others. Family history means a lot more when its shared. Whether you want to print a few copies for family members or sell your book to the public-at-large, todays technology makes self-publishing a fairly easy process. How Much Will It Cost? To estimate publishing costs, you will need to consult with local quick-copy centers or book printers. Obtain bids for the publishing job from at least three companies since prices vary greatly. Before you can ask a printer to bid on your project, however, you need to know three vital facts about your manuscript: Exactly how many pages are in your manuscript. You should take the finished manuscript with you, including mock-ups of picture pages, introductory pages, and appendixes.Approximately how many books you want to be printed. If you want to print under 200 copies, expect most book publishers to turn you down and send you to a quick-copy center. Most commercial printers prefer a run of at least 500 books. There are a few short-run and print-on-demand publishers who specialize in family histories, however, who are able to print in quantities as small as a single book.What kind of book features you want. Think about the paper type/quality, print size and style, number of photos, and binding. All of these will factor into the cost of printing your book. Spend some time browsing through family histories at the library to get some ideas on what you want before heading to the printers. Design Considerations LayoutThe layout should be appealing to the readers eye. For example, small print across the entire width of a page is too hard for the normal eye to read comfortably. Use a larger typeface and normal margin widths, or prepare your final text in two columns. You can align your text on both sides (justify) or only on the left side as in this book. The title page and table of contents are always on the right-hand page - never on the left. In most professional books, chapters also start on the right page. Printing Tip: Use high-quality 60 lb. acid-paper paper for copying or printing your family history book. Standard paper will discolor and become brittle within fifty years, and 20 lb. paper is too thin to print on both sides of the page. No matter how you space the text on the page, if you plan to do double-sided copying, be sure that the binding edge on each page is 1/4 inch wider than the outside edge. That means the left margin of the front of the page will be indented 1/4 extra, and the text on its flip side will have that extra indentation from the right margin. That way, when you hold the page up to the light, the blocks of text on both sides of the page match up with one another. PhotographsBe generous with photographs. People usually look at photographs in books before they read a word. Black-and-white pictures copy better than color ones and are a lot cheaper to copy as well. Photographs can be scattered throughout the text, or put in a picture section in the middle or back of the book. If scattered, however, photos should be used to illustrate the narration, not detract from it. Too many photos scattered haphazardly through the text can distract your readers, causing them to lose interest in the narration. If youre creating a digital version of your manuscript, be sure to scan the pictures at least at 300 dpi. Balance your selection of pictures to give equitable coverage to each family. Also, be sure you include short but adequate captions that identify each picture - people, place, and approximate date. If you don’t have the software, skills, or interest in doing it yourself, printers can scan your photos into digital format, and enlarge, reduce, and crop them to fit your layout. If you have a lot of pictures, this will add quite a bit to the cost of your book. Binding Options Printing or Publishing the Book Some publishers will print hard-bound family histories with no minimum order, but this usually increases the price per book. The advantage to this option is that family members can order their own copies when they wish, and you arent faced with purchasing books and storing them yourself.

Bureaucracy in Public Administration

Even though bureaucracies sometimes seem inefficient or wasteful, setting up a bureaucracy helps ensure that thousands of people work together in compatible ways by defining everyone’s roles within a hierarchy. Bureaucracy is an organization that is structured with regulations set in place to control activity. The bureaucratic stricture is usually implemented in large organizations and governments. It is represented by an assembly of knowledge, power, and Hierarchy. The Knowledge of the organization consists of the technical expertise and the understandings necessary to carry out specialized tasks, along with the capacity to gain more information as needed. The power is the central political resource, enables the organization to change in spite of what others may think. Hierarchy is the arrangement of people holding authority over others with the ability to command behavior and punish lack of compliance. Bureaucracies are meant to be orderly, fair, and highly efficient. Which means having a clear-cut division of labor is necessary. The principles of Bureaucracy hierarchy and of levels of authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination, in which a super supervises their subordination. Such a system offers those governed the possibility of appealing the decision of super to higher authority, in a regulated manner. Within any bureaucratic authority there are principals of organization orthodox. According to the Weberian model, created by German sociologist Max Weber, a bureaucracy always displays the following characteristics:- Hierarchy: A bureaucracy is set up with clear chains of command so that veryone has a boss. At the top of the organization is a chief who oversees the entire bureaucracy. Power flows downward. Specialization: Bureaucrats specialize in one area of the issue their agency covers. This allows efficiency because the specialist does what he or she knows best, and then passes the matter along to another specialist. Division of labor: Each task is broken down into smaller tasks, a nd different people work on different parts of the task. Standard operating procedure (SOP): Also called formalized rules, SOP informs workers about how to handle tasks and situations. Everybody always follows the same procedures to increase efficiency and predictability so that the organization will produce similar results in similar circumstances. SOP can sometimes make bureaucracy move slowly because new procedures must be developed as circumstances change. In the past, organizations were commonly structured as bureaucracies. A bureaucracy is a form of organization based on logic, order, and the legitimate use of formal authority. Bureaucracies are meant to be orderly, fair, and highly efficient. Their features include a clear-cut division of labor, strict hierarchy of authority, formal rules and procedures, and promotion based on competency. Management or administration marked by hierarchical authority among numerous offices and by fixed procedures, the Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with nonelected officials. Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a â€Å"field of inquiry with a diverse scope† its â€Å"fundamental goal†¦ is to advance management and policies so that government can function. † Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: â€Å"the management of public programs†; the â€Å"translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day† and â€Å"the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies. Public administration is â€Å"centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct† Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, human resources (H . R. ) administrators, city managers, census managers, state [mental health] directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government. In contrast to private enterprises, government-owned corporation or municipality owned enterprises are not always or even usually managed on the basis of the profit motive. A deficit in this latter case does not spell the end of the enterprise or even the beginning of reforms, because it is generally assumed that the reason the enterprise exists is to ‘render useful services to the public’ (i. e. mploy a large part of the local population as its workforce or charge an artificially low price for its products or services), not become a slave of the profit motive. What is notable about the very idea of bureaucracy is its severe rational modernism. Political modernity and bureaucracy are largely symbiotic; the rise of the state paralleled the rise of the bureaucracy. One of the philosophers of the modern economizing state and the modern bureaucratic idea is Adam Smith (1723–1790), whose defense of the division of labor promoted the bureaucratization of the early Westphalia state. Indeed, Smith’s ideas are elemental to Weber’s core tenets of bureaucracy: the rigid division of responsibilities and tasks and the economization of organizational forms. Whereas Smith advocated the division of labor in order to promote efficient economic growth, Weber suggests the division of labor for the efficient production of goods or services. Inevitably, bureaucracy was conceived as, and has become, an economizing tool for the rationalization of complex and ambiguous environments. The rationality of bureaucracy is a central idea within Weber’s ideal type. In fact, Weber himself suggests that bureaucracy be a rational-legal form designed to promote the rationalization of organizational tasks and goals. The rationalizing tendency of bureaucracy, while being one of the elements most open to contemporary criticism, was also its most attractive quality for the architects of Enlightenment-guided governance, who sought alternatives to earlier forms of despotic and aristocratic dominance. The adoption of the bureaucratic form by theorists of liberal government has its roots in the legal protection of natural (rational) rights for all. In fact, embedded in the rationalization structure of bureaucracy is the elimination of particularism the diminishment of universal individual rights for the sake of traditional forms of class or ethnic domination. Those responsible for the French Revolution pined, within their writings, for the rational nonexceptionalism of the bureaucratic form. Indeed, as Maxim lien de Robespierre (1758–1794) and later Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) identified, the ancient regime was epitomized by the irrational occupation of power by a centralized bureaucracy of the ruling class. The bureaucratic organization of rational-legal authority involves the following necessary criteria: the specification of jurisdictional areas, the hierarchical organization of roles, a clear and intentionally established system of decision-making rules, the restriction of bureau property to use by the bureau, the compensation by salary (not spoils) of appointed officials, and the professionalization of the bureaucratic role into a tenured lifelong career. The idea of bureaucracy suggests that rules, norms, merit, regulations, and stability are paramount to the operation of government. The rule-bound nature of bureaucracy has been widely critiqued in modern political and sociological analyses; however, the number of alternative forms of organization that have received as much consideration is limited.

The ten most significant developments for the United States from 1945 Essay

The ten most significant developments for the United States from 1945 to the present - Essay Example On August 14, 1945, President Harry Truman announced that the war had ended. It was V-J day1. Truman, in addressing the crowds said "We face the greatest taskand it's going to take the help of all of you to do it." Celebrations across the country took place and people celebrated the sheer joy of knowing there was no more war. What they did not realize was that there were new tensions to be dealt with in our own country. We as a nation sat and wondered about the impact of atomic bombs in our world. Indeed President Truman, in his diary pondered "I hope for some form of peacebut I fear machines are ahead of mortals".While riding in an automobile procession in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963, he was shot to death by an assassin firing from an upper floor of a building. The alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed two days later in the Dallas city jail by Jack Ruby, owner of a strip-tease club. At 46 years of age, Kennedy became the fourth president to be assassinated and the eighth to di e in office.On the early morning of June 17, 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate, an office-hotel-apartment complex in Washington, D.C. In their possession were burglary tools, cameras and film, and three pen-size tear gas guns. At the scene of the crime, and in rooms the men rented at the Watergate, sophisticated electronic bugging equipment was found. President Nixon attempted to use his presidential powers to quash the investigation into the incident. He attempted to avoid subpoenas ordering him to turn over tapes of the incident. The Supreme Court ordered that it was illegal for the President to use his presidential powers to thwart an investigation 5. Mid 1980's - America Becomes Aware of AIDS3 "The dominant feature of this first period was silence, for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV had spread to at least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked by awareness or any preventive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected." 6. Black Monday- the Stock Market Crash of 1987 The stock market crash of 1987 was the largest one day stock market crash in history. The Dow lost 22.6% of its value or $500 billion dollars on October 19th 1987. 7. 1992 - Riots in Los Angeles due to the Rodney King beating. Rodney King became a reluctant symbol of police brutality a decade ago when amateur photographer George Holliday provided evidence that was hard to ignore. The videotape Holliday shot showed several white Los Angeles police officers using their batons to beat King, who had led them on a car chase after they tried to stop him for speeding, was broadcast around the world. 8. Y2K - 1999 Y2K bug was a clicking time bomb for all major computer applications. The computer and system application companies came out with year 2000 compliant operating systems and system software. IT companies around the world spent billions of dollars to go through their entire application source code to look